Aging Population A Global Phenomenon - 1519 Words

Introduction Population aging can be defined as the median age of the population increasing over time. Aging population is becoming a global phenomenon as the baby boomers are hitting the 65-year mark and fertility rates are declining. An aging population has become an issue that many countries are having to face with significant impacts in economic areas. The Canadian population has changed drastically over the last several years. As the baby boomers (the segment of the population born post World War II approximately 1946 to 1964) have grown older and become more dependent on health care and social programs to support their living. The Canadian government has become increasingly concerned with this global phenomenon as they now must invest more money in health care and pensions. This trend will continue in time as in 1971 8% of the population was 65 or older compared to today’s statistic of 14.4% of the population being 65 or older. The industrial revolution played a huge role in the demo graphic transition of societies and has impacted fertility rates; we have seen a large decline in fertility within Canada. On the global scale the natural rate of increase is 2.1 births per women whereas; Canada’s current fertility rate is 1.2. This, too, will have implications on society for the dependent older age sector. Furthermore, the implications of an aging population in Canada are taking great tolls on the health care sector as many of the demographic require medical support. InShow MoreRelatedMigrant Workers In China Case Study840 Words   |  4 PagesExperience Population aging has been a global issue. According to the United Nations statistics, population aging is occurring throughout the world. In 2015, there are 901 million people aged 60 or over, comprising 12% of the global population. The population aged 60 or above is growing at a rate of 3.26% per year. It is projected that by 2050, the global population of all major areas of the world except Africa will have nearly a quarter or more of their populations aged 60 or over. [37] Population agingRead MoreEconomic Development Patterns Of Employment And Retirement915 Words   |  4 Pagesthe government play in this process, if any? Societal aging may possibly affect economic development patterns of employment and retirement, the way individuals and families operate, the capabilities of governments and communities to offer sufficient resources for the elderly population, and the commonness of chronic disease and disability. The social, economic, and demographic deviations that the United States is undergoing at the population level may perhaps have far-reaching outcomes on one’s physicalRead MoreIntroduction Of Late Adulthood And Retirement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesan increase with people age sixty and above. Consequently, this aging population has significant effects on many aspect of society. Life expectancy which was of 50 years in the 19th century had tremendously increase. Indeed the factors contributing to the longevity include; public health measure to many factors such as decrease in infant mortality rate, and the eradication of certain diseases. Population ageing is a global phenomenon that can be expressed by the significant demographic changes currentlyRead MoreThe Ageing Of Global Population1692 Words   |  7 PagesWorld Aging Population The ageing of global population is an important issue that has been debated recently. To think about a better and longer life seems too attractive for us, but the impact of a generalized increase of age can be a problem for the government s policies and for the maintenance of the economy. This phenomenon is occurring right now in almost every country in the world, but faster in the developed and developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to study the population ageingRead MoreHow Are The Population Policies Different Between India And China? Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesHow are the population policies different between India and China? Guifang Tang Introduction China and India are the two countries which have the largest population in the world. These two countries have many similarities, especially they have fabulous growing speed during the globalization. In the global economic market, China has the biggest manufacture market and cheap labor (Justin Paul Erick Mas.2016). India gained independence from the United Kingdom from 1947 and started to focusRead MoreThe Economic Problem of Population Ageing Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn the contemporary world, the economic problem of population ageing caused is revealing gradually. UNESCO provides a standard that a single country or region in the population over 60 years is more than 10% of the total population, which is into the aging of the population. Both of developed and developing countries in recent years have to face more serious aging impacts for economic progress. According to population prospects (2009), the whole world will accelerate the pace of ageing after 2010Read MoreC hina s Economic Growth Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesBeginning in 1980 when China entered the global market, it experienced remarkable growth in terms of GDP and net output. Much of its growth is attributed to its large amount of exports, particularly within the manufacturing industry. As a result, its GDP per capita increased significantly and the country as a whole became considerably wealthier. More recently, however, demographic changes and increased wealth inequality are hindering its growth. Between 2008 and 2015, the World Bank estimates GDPRead MoreMandatory Retirement Essay examples1379 Words   |  6 Pageshas an effect on many older workers and how they plan for retirement. Mandatory retirement involves less than 1 percent of the work force and so opens up only a small fraction of the total jobs, because mandatory retirement effects such a small population, Nor is forced retirement needed to create vacancies; most older workers retire voluntarily, and still do so even though mandatory retirement has been largely outlawed in the United States . Not only is mandatory retirement illegal in manyRead MoreObesity: An American Epidemic Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdiastolic dysfunction, and atrial fibrillation (Dorner and Rieder, 2011). Moreover, obesity is associated with increased mortality rate, reduced longevity, and premature death (Childers and Allison, 2010). Various concerns involving obesity and the aging population also involve infections, functional limitations, lack of independence, decreased mobility, and handicaps regarding activities of daily living (Dorner and Rieder, 2011). Those with higher BMI have also been linked to having poor mental healthRead MoreDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the growth of the aging population, chronic disease and the epidemic of obesity, and how will the United States healthcare system prepared for this continuing epidemic. The fact that the aging population along with obesity epidemic is a global healthcare concern, m any health cares’ professional is baffled about how to address the growing epidemic that many American’s will face. . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003) the population aged greater than 65 years

Machiavelli And Socrates - 1840 Words

Although both are considered some of the greatest political and philosophical thinkers of their respective times, Socrates and Niccolà ³ Machiavelli had very different methods and beliefs of how a political system should be run. The mindset of Socrates can be seen in the works Apology and Crito by Plato. Socrates, who values wisdom and justice over power and prestige, would view Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince very contradicting to how he believes a good life should be lived. In his work, The Prince, Machiavelli details how a prince should rule and maintain power. Socrates would not be supportive of Machiavelli and his Prince’s political system because it is rooted in unethical behaviors. Machiavelli views these actions as virtues†¦show more content†¦To Machiavelli, the true virtues of a prince should be stinginess, cruelty, and manipulation. He takes traditional Christian virtues, which most see as good, and criticizes them, saying they are vices and hurtf ul to a prince. Socrates’ ideal Prince is much different than that of Machiavelli. Socrates found great power in his analysis of Athens, rather than direct involvement. Through questioning, reason, and critical analysis he attempts to instill wisdom, truth and virtue in Athens, specifically in the youth. He was charged with corrupting the youth because his idea of how life should be lived was much different than that of the states. Socrates corrupted the youth of Athens because he degenerated or undeveloped them from becoming strong political, economic, and military leaders. The people of Athens, in particular the wealthy and powerful, wanted their children to be educated in ideals that Machiavelli would support. It was the job for these privileged youth to learn how to be strong leaders so the city could run smoothly in the future and Socrates was undermining this structure. If the youth Socrates was teaching were treated as a counterpart to Machiavelli’s Prince, a difference in ideal s and teachings can be found. Machiavelli teaches his Prince how to maintain power at all costs, while Socrates teaches his students to put aside the concept of materialistic power such as wealth andShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates, in his early works, maintained a steadfast distance from involvement in politics, making a comparison or evaluation of a political system in his persona technically impossible. To claim that Socrates would or would not be supportive of any political system might then seem irresponsible, a presumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivalence between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavelli’s political ethics. The strategy to conduct any sort of liable and validRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1579 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates both lived during turbulent, political times. Machiavelli in Florence, Italy and Socrates in Athens. Machiavelli’s The Prince outlines the necessary features and traits of a sovereign, primarily, a Prince. It served as a handbook to effective rulership in the 16th century. By analyzing Machiavelli’s belief that a prince should be strategically feared, the role of free will , and the role of the people , I will argue that Machiavelli hasRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates896 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli and Socrates are two of the most prominent philosophers of history. Each men are characterized by developing distinct schools of thought regarding individual rights and statehood. Machiavelli’s The Prince is a manual for rulers: lessons based on empirical observations of history. In The Apology written by Plato, Socrates delivers a justification to an Athenian court. It is notRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1860 Words   |  8 PagesPolitical Theorists: Moralities and Wisdom Political theorists, Socrates and Machiavelli, each provide their own ideas and philosophies for political structure that are still being discussed today. In Plato’s writings of â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, he defines Socrates as man of wisdom and humbleness as he goes through trial and death of a crime he did not commit. Machiavelli’s writing of â€Å"The Prince† was written as a way to advise a Prince on how to achieve the greatest success as a ruler. These twoRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1660 Words   |  7 Pagesworks of Socrates and Machiavelli are as polarized as the phrases â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living† and â€Å"the ends justify the means.† The Prince by Machiavelli and The Last Days of Socrates by Plato are both crucial texts to the discussion of what makes a good political leader. Well, what makes a good political leader? Socrates would disagree with Machiavelli’s ideation of the Prince becau se of the immorality that he allows this model to have in the public sphere. However, Socrates would findRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1713 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Niccolà ² Machiavelli were both political philosophers who lived through corruption, violence, and political restlessness. These circumstances prompted them to develop their own solutions for their respective societies. This included the creation of a stable political system with a strong and effective leader through the examination of the faults of said societies. To Machiavelli, this leader is known as the â€Å"Prince.† He believes that the Prince should be pragmatic in his actions, andRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1961 Words   |  8 PagesWhat would Socrates think of Machiavelli’s political world? Socrates and Machiavelli were some of the most influential political philosophers in their respective times. Some argue that their view of empowering individuals, whether it be through free speech or ruthless fighting, are quite similar. However, their views of leadership and government do not align. Socrates’ support for free expression and due process makes his view of effective governance far different from Machiavelli’s focus on nationalRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli2009 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli are both very influential philosophers and two of the great minds of their time. However, both of these men had their own separate ideas that did not completely agree with one another. Machiavelli was born into a Renaissance time period of fragmented politics, lots of bloodshed, and angry citizens while Socrates grew up in a time of political adjustment and instability in Athens. Machiavelli constructed The Prince as a political pamphlet to his frie nd Lorenzo de MediciRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1976 Words   |  8 Pagesand turmoil, both Socrates and Machiavelli use philosophy to evaluate people and politics. After seeing corruption, fragmentation and death, both philosophers developed different views. Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince includes strong stances on morality and religion. Socrates would be likely to agree on the general ideas that Machiavelli believes a Prince should have but he would differ mainly in how they should be executed. I believe that Socrates would agree with Machiavelli that there needs toRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli Analysis936 Words   |  4 Pages Socrates instilled value in living life as it ought to be and ingrained the pursuit of truth into all of his actions. He relished living as a gadfly to the state; arousing thoughts in others as a means to bring them to higher points of understanding and critical examination, which they then were to apply to their own society. He wanted people to live lives as they ought to live them and for the state to be a reflection of that aim. The leader advocated by Machiavelli, The Prince, is far more authoritarian

Suffering Innocence in to Kill a Mockingbird - 2231 Words

Seryca David Mrs.Hannaberry ENG3U Janurary 19,2011 Suffering Innocence In To Kill A Mockingbird The fascinating story To Kill A Mockingbird takes place in a sleepy, southern county of Maycomb in the 1930s. Although this town has a variety of pleasant and honorable citizens who have set morals, there are also people who live in Maycomb County who are unfair, possibly evil, and lack morals. Maycomb has a visible separation of two societies: the whites and the blacks. Throughout the novel there are numerous innocent characters who could be considered mockingbirds. However, Jem, Boo and Tom Robinson are three characters who are used to symbolize innocence in To Kill A Mockingbird. These three characters can be†¦show more content†¦His father locked Boo up in his house and did not allow anyone to visit him or have the slightest contact with him. Eventually Boos mental state triggers him to stabbed his father with a pair of scissors. Boos fathers causes Boo to suffer innocently by stealing his childhood experiences away from him. This indicates that Boo is a mocking bird because he did very little to deserve this torment and isolation that his father inflicted upon him. Then, Jem and Scout from the beginning of the story never fully understood Boos past life at all, yet they judged him on things they hear about. They suspect he was basically an evil monster that never comes out of his house. Scout starts the stereotyping by creating a nickname â€Å"Boo† for the innocent Arthur Radley. This nickname robs Arthur of his true name and identity, causing him to suffer. Furthermore, Jem and Scout constantly pester Boo in an attempt to discover his actual identity. They tell their best friend Dill that Boo is like a zombie. Jem describes Boo as being: â€Å"About six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cat he could catch, thats why his hands were bloodstained-if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he and he drooled most of the time† (Lee 13). The stereotypical image created by Jem completely robs BooShow MoreRelatedComparing The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1327 Words   |  6 PagesOklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected by good aspects rather than deleterious behavior. In addition to both novels, â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† share the same concurrent theme. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath and â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† illustrate a synonymous, thematicRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck and To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1413 Words   |  6 Pages yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected and influenced by good aspects rather than deleterious behavior. In addition to both novels, â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† share the same concurrent theme. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath and â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† illustrate a synonymous, thematicRead MoreHow Does Harper Lee Portray the Themes of Innocence, Maturity and Growing Up in to Kill a Mockingbird ?1053 Words   |  5 PagesIn ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ written by Harper Lee, the author has used numerous different methods to portray the themes of innocence, maturity and growing up. These themes were put in so that the audience could become more empathetic towards the ch aracters, especially the protagonists. She depicts these themes through characters, events, using symbolism, imagery and contrast located throughout the book. Firstly, Harper Lee shows the themes of innocence, maturity and growing up through the mainRead MoreThematic Message: Good vs. Evil1546 Words   |  7 PagesOklahoma are yearning for labor, provisions, and human decency. Similarly in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee elucidates the concept that people should be treated with inclusive human dignity and be affected by good aspects rather than deleterious behavior. In addition to both novels, â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† share the same concurrent theme. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Grapes of Wrath and â€Å"Suffering with Them†, â€Å"Evil’s Fate†, and â€Å"To Hope† illustrate a synonymous, thematicRead MoreTheme Of Nature In To Kill A Mockingbird1394 Words   |  6 PagesOften times, nature and the organic things of life come together to form a representation or symbolic message to life. As shown in To Kill a Mockingbird, nature and variou s aspects of humanity are associated in the form of a mockingbird. As it relates to the novel, A mockingbird represents a commonality of an understood sin. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is well known, classic novel originally published in 1960. Though the novel was written in a different time span, its plot vividly detailsRead Moreâ€Å"Shoot All The Blue Jays If You Want, If You Can Hit’Em,1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Shoot all the blue jays if you want, if you can hit’em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird,† ( Lee pg 90) In Harper Lee’s famous novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the author emphasizes the major issue of justice representing the symbol of a mockingbird. Taking place in the 1930s in the Deep South, a time when racial inequality and great intolerance were highly prevalent. The novel comes out as an injustice to the most gracious and thoughtful but unjustly accused citizens from the townRead MoreLiterary Criticism In To Kill A Mockingbird And A Separate Peace By Harper Lee1506 Words   |  7 Pagesfictitious novel To Kill A Mockingbird, and the historical fiction novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the authors take advantage of intertextual criticism to identify universal themes and symbols within their work. Both novels display similarities when they incorporate a tree as a symbol of friendship, the child archetype and the loss of innocence. The tree as a symbol for commanderie is exemplified by both novels. Friendship is symbolized through the tree in To Kill A Mockingbird, when Boo RadleyRead MoreRacial Prejudice in the Bluest Eye and to Kill a Mockingbird1416 Words   |  6 PagesIn Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, the reader is introduced to the theme of racial prejudice through the experiences of the characters Scout and Jem Finch. The story is told from the perspective of Scout. In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, the reader is also introduced to the theme of racial prejudice through the experiences of Pecola Breedlove and Claudia MacTeer. The story is told through the perspective of Pecola Breedlove, and Claudia MacTeer. Both of the novels show differentRead MoreA Playground for Innocence Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing back to a time where social injustice was commonplace and slander was the norm. Harper Lee wrote in her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a story that captures this bashing of dogma in the spotlight and sheds light onto the duel between innocence and maturity that was almost unbefitting of the time. With the story of Scout and Jem Finch, we must ask ourselves: is the innocence of children something worth treasuring and preserving, or should it be cast out like a vile demon from the body to be replacedRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Theme Essay1095 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Based on a best-selling novel by Harper Lee has the theme of the constant fight between different sides. It is realistic, good and bad, oppression and the law versus justice. The novel mirrored life back then and in a way can still resemble some things in modern time. People could relate and understand this book on personal levels, that why it was such a hit, now it is used as a life lesson or for educational purposes. The plot lies on the trial that Atticus

The Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde - 1086 Words

The Importance of Being Earnest, written by a fascinating Oscar Wilde reveals a story of social class and hierarchy during the roaring Victorian time period (1837-1901). Focusing his writing on the social classes, the play becomes comical when he exposes the flaws held by the upper class during this time. Wilde saw earnestness as being a key ideal in Victorian culture for much of British society struck Wilde as dry, stern, conservative, and so â€Å"earnestly† concerned with the maintenance of social norms and the status quo that it had become almost inhuman. This play depicts certain characters that conform so easily to the conventional social status and characteristics of the Victorian culture. Such characters include Algernon, Jack, Cecily, and Gwendolyn. These characters introduce many themes that focus on the Victorian lifestyle, primarily the issues of being â€Å"earnest† and one’s own morality. â€Å"Jack†, or Ernest’s ambitions represents all that was seen as valued in Victorian life among the elite of society, but what I found most important is that while he aims for duty and responsibility in his life, more than anything he wants others to see these qualities in him. It’s not that Jack truly feels he should possess these qualities; rather, he wants to be perceived as such, regardless of his true nature below the surface. This allows for Jack’s hypocrisy in maintaining his alter ego of â€Å"Ernest† in the city— and it allows him to escape the country life of raising his ward to goShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde707 Words   |  3 PagesWebsters dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind. Which can be considered a pun since thought this play we see the characters being more apathetic. The Importance of Being Earnest is the story of Ja ck Worthing is the main character and the protagonist of this play. He is a well of business man who lives in the country and is very well respected there. But Jack has a secret he lives another in the city of London where he claims to goRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1750 Words   |  7 PagesHidden Symbols in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde takes place in 1895 and exposes the hypocritical social expectations of the end of the Victorian era. During the Victorian period, marriage was about protecting your resources and keeping socially unacceptable impulses under control. The play undeniable reveals and focuses satire around differences between the behaviors of the upper class and that of the lower class. Oscar Wilde uses comedic symbolismRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde913 Words   |  4 Pagesmake them known. This concept has come to be the brick and mortar of the wry play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The significance of the notion of being earnest is contradicted in the play, through Wilde’s clever use of words, characters digression of societal normalcy, and triviality of Victorian concepts. Cynical character Algernon asserts that women of Victorian society reinforce the importance of orderly money as a type of social contract. On page 3, it is quickly established theRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest is a play written by Oscar Wilde about a man named Jack who lies about his identity and ends up creating huge confusion about who he really is. The biggest notion that appears throughout the play is about character. There are many instances where the characters of the play lie about their identities and pretend to be people they are not. Oscar Wilde does this throughout the play in order to explain how one’s identity can be made up. One is not born with an identity;Read MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play by Oscar Wilde â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde takes a comedic stance on a melodrama, portraying the duplicity of Victorian traditions and social values as the modernism of the twentieth century begins to emerge. The idea of the play revolves around its title of the characters discovering the importance of being earnest to their individual preferences. The author uses the traditional efforts of finding a marriage partner to illustrate the conflicting pressure of Victorian valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Status in Persuasion and The Importance of Being Earnest Social status refers to a person s position or importance within a society. I have done some research and have acquired information over the way social status is addressed in both the writings of Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde. In the novel Persuasion we can see how the characters go beyond their means to uphold their title and social value. In the play The Importance of Being Earnest we can see how the social rank and wealth of a personRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1293 Words   |  6 Pagescarrying yourself, many of which was not the must enjoyable of ways and lacked some fun that many need in their life. This forced many to split their Public life from the Private one. Written in the Victorian Era, the works of The importance of being earnest by Oscar Wilde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson ,and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley displays how the characters need to keep be kept their Private lives separate from their Public lives in order to fi t into their strict VictorianRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He eventually started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1382 Words   |  6 Pagesappeared to be strict. The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, a nineteenth century author who was one of the most acclaimed playwrights of his day, is a play set in the Victorian time period that demonstrates how trivial telling the truth was. Different characters through out Wilde’s play establish their dishonestly through hiding who they really are and pretending to be someone whom they are not. In an essay titled â€Å"From ‘Oscar Wilde’s Game of Being Earnest,’† Tirthankar Bose describesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 Pagesexuberant nonconformist and controversial playwright, eminent author Oscar Wilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined the essence of late Victorian England. Posthumously recognized for his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and satiric comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde initially acquired criticism for his immoral and unconventional style of writing. Additionally, to his dismay, strife followed Wilde in his personal life as he was notoriously tried and incarcerated

Organizational Behavior Case Study Using Free Essays

Abstract We chose to look at a military case that was exposed by the media last year in which Brigadier General (BG) James BG Botchie of the United States Air Force was accused of conduct that was unbecoming of an officer. By examining the roots of classical organizational theory as well as the systems theory approach to management, we will be able to see what aspects and principles should be better utilized and enforced in order to prevent such incidences from reoccurring. ? Organizational Behavior Case Study Using Classical Organization Theory and Systems Theory In order to see where Brigadier General James Botchie’s management went wrong, we will use the classical organization theory and systems theory to evaluate his action and decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Case Study Using or any similar topic only for you Order Now To provide support to our conclusion, Tommy will share a personal encounter he had with BG Botchie. Quotes from various texts will also offer support to our position that BG Botchie’s approach to management was not only ineffective, but also inappropriate for an officer in the United States Air Force. Classical Organization Theory While some aspects of classical organizational theory can be considered out of date, it has been constantly progressing over the past century to better suit current workplace environments. From Taylor’s scientific management theory to Weber’s bureaucratic theory all the way to Mooney and Reiley’s administrative theory, classical organizational theory has developed some of the most fundamental principles to help better manage people in the workplace. In order to effectively understand how classical organization theory could help a situation, such as the one regarding Brigadier General James Botchie as reported by the Air Force Times, one must first look at the basic principles behind the theory. One of the four central points in Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory is to, â€Å"closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). In BG Botchie’s situation, he provided little to no supervision to his subordinates and was described as â€Å"hands-off, uninformed and at times uncaring† (Fontaine 2). This lack of upervision caused the military equal opportunity office (MEO) to be an unorganized and nonproductive environment that allowed discrimination and intimidation to go undisciplined and undocumented in many cases. Another â€Å"Taylorism† stated that â€Å"the task of management is planning and control† (Walonick, 1993). From what the Air Force Times showed, BG Botchie did not follow either of these guidelines. Military organizations require all parties to abide by strict codes of conduct in order to function as a well-oiled machine. BG Botchie’s actions not only reflect poorly on his work ethics, but also his moral ethics. He did not act as is expected of a United States serviceman; â€Å"†¦Personnel are expected to conduct themselves in accordance with the highest standards of personal and professional integrity and ethics. At a minimum, all personnel shall comply with directives issued by the Secretary of Defense†¦ regarding the Standards of Conduct and Government Ethics. † (Dalton, 1997). Much like the rank levels involved in military organizations, Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory â€Å"emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure of power† (Walonick, 1993). In order to continue maintaining control among soldiers or workers alike, there is a need for definite rules and a â€Å"clear line of authority and control† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). BG Botchie allowed this line to become blurred when he developed friendships with his subordinates. Not only did this lead to unprofessional conduct in the form of creating an inner â€Å"boys only† clique that harassed female coworkers, it also raised an ethical dilemma in that BG Botchie engaged in business deals with subordinates and possibly used government resources to further his profits (Fontaine 4). There is a reason for positions of authority and that is to maintain control and productivity in the office. BG Botchie instead used his authority to foster sexual harassment and gender discrimination, build unprofessional relationships and misappropriate government resources for his own benefit (Fontaine 1). Mooney and Reilly’s administrative theory proved to be the most rigid out of the classical organization theories. This theory put the emphasis on â€Å"establishing a universal set of management principles that could be applied to all organizations† (Walonick, 1993). It is now realized that this is not possible with the fast paced changing of times; however, this method could be used to help remedy the inconsistencies that occurred in BG Botchie’s wing. For example, if there was a uniform set of rules and procedures set in place and enforced regularly, people like BG Botchie would not have a chance to abuse their power. Throughout examining the classical organizational approach to resolving Brigadier General James Botchie’s erroneous behaviors, the key solution is enforcement of hierarchy. None of this would have occurred if BG Botchie’s superiors had paid closer attention to his actions. While people in positions of authority should not have to instill fear in order to get results, they should be treated with the respect they deserve. That respect facilitates efficiency and respect for fellow coworkers as well. By maintaining the proper order of ranks, work is accomplished as a result of a sense of pride in work and duty to one’s job. In addition to an increase in productivity, the level of discrimination and harassment would decline for fear of punishment. When the rules are enforced and there are positive and negative repercussions for behaviors, people are more inclined to follow the regulations set forth. Simply put, to avoid negative situations, such as BG Botchie’s, enforce the rules and regulations that are set forth. Systems Approach This situation could have also benefited from the systems approach to the Ohio Air National Guard Organization. The United States Air Force maintains a strict code of conduct as an entire organization and also employs separate, more detailed rules and regulations for those enlisted and those who are officers. The enlisted ranks are seen as the workers or followers to the officer ranks. The officer ranks are seen as the leaders of the organization and they are expected to set the tones for how those that follow them are to conduct themselves. Rules are established to help keep the distinction between the appointed leaders and those who are the followers and to prevent any bias from effecting promotions or allowing preferential treatment from the leaders of the organization. Brigadier General James Botchie was fortunate to experience both the leader and follower sides of the Air Force. BG Botchie started out in the enlisted ranks before he was commissioned to the officer ranks. I had the opportunity to work for BG Botchie after the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Centers in 2001. He was the flight commander and highest ranking officer for the mission. As a unit, the 121st Air Refueling Wing (ARW) was assigned to support Operation Enduring Freedom at the Incirlik Air Base in Turkey. My job as an enlisted worker was for various electronic functions of our airplane. My ultimate goal was to make sure that the pilots could complete their mission, which required all of the aircraft to be operational. We accomplished this mission and pleased BG Botchie. He attempted to reward us (the enlisted workers) with alcoholic beverages in an enlisted only establishment. I tell you this story to give yet another example of the rules being established and BG Botchie acting as though he was above them and as if there would be no ramifications for breaking them. Systems theory can be described as having all components of an organization interrelated. By changing one variable, many others may also be effected (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). Modern day management has to understand that the decisions imposed on one part of an organization can have a great impact on other members of the organization, even if they are not directly related to the initial decision. BG Botchie’s decisions were not thoroughly thought out and he did not consider the impact that they would have across the organization. The decisions he made for his immediate group not only affected the morale, behavior, and work ethics, but it also reached throughout the entire Air National Guard. The 121st ARW is always partnered with other units from all across the United States. This behavior is observed by others who may have had a different managerial style and expectation. This is also evident in the following quotes: â€Å"The organizational systems theory also infuses a culture that is transformed to a learning environment. A creative learning environment will also help the organization and its members realize that the small decisions made today may affect a global impact tomorrow† (Smith Taylor, 2000). The Central premise behind holding a vision is that somehow I can shape my future, systems’ thinking helps us see how our own actions have shaped our current reality, thereby giving us confidence that we can create a different reality in the future† (Smith Taylor, 2000). BG Botchie did not infuse the culture with the set of values and morals that the USAF instilled in his appointment as commanding general. If Brigadier General James Botchie analyze d his decisions using the systems approach for his managerial and decision based processes, his career may have had a different outcome. Conclusion In conclusion, it is generally in everyone’s best interest to abide by the rules and regulations of an organization since they are set forth as a way to maintain order and protection for the employees. The classical organization theory and systems theory have clear cut principles that help to build a strong organization, when the policies are followed correctly. Having employees that respect the hierarchy of the organization is also essential to a successful workplace. Brigadier General James Botchie did not follow these guidelines and it cost him the respect of his peers and nearly cost him his job.? Bibliography Dalton, J. H. (1997). General Regulations: Administration of Discipline. U. S. Navy Regulations, 1990 Interim Change, 101-102. Fontaine, S. (2012, May 23). Report Details 1-star’s Inappropriate Conduct. Retrieved from Air Force Time Mobile: http://www. airforcetimes. com/mobile/index. php? storyUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. airforcetimes. com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2Fair-force-ig-details-conduct-BG Botchie-041811w%2F Kinicki, A. Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational Dynamics and Human Behavior. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Smith, K. D. , Taylor, W. G. (2000). The learning organisation ideal in Civil Service organisations: deriving a measure. The Learning Organization, 194-205. University, C. M. (2008). In Administration, Globalization and Multiculturalism (pp. 25, 30, 79, 360). McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Walonick, D. S. (1993). Organization al Theory and Behavior. Retrieved from http://statpac. org/walonick/organizational-theory. htm How to cite Organizational Behavior Case Study Using, Free Case study samples

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Example For Students

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Steel bordering building is classified as one of the Industrialised Building System. However, Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) is common in building industry in Malaysia. Steel framing is going more common in residential building. The usage of steel for bordering residential building has both advantages and disadvantages. Steel frame elements are manufactured in the mill and so will be transported to a occupation site for installing once it passed the review on it choice criterion. This method has its ain significance and deficit. Construction site take really high attending on the safety facet particularly when the building is running. Safety is an issue that has no terminal and every twelvemonth will hold accidents occurred on building site. However, it can be lead to accidence that may do injured or dead to worker or public. Steel bordering building besides holding their ain hazard and jeopardy in its building procedure during the installing constituent although it was convenient to put in. For illustration steel column base home bases are a cardinal constituent of a steel construction. Poor base home base installing can take to steel columns tipping over, which can do terrible hurts or decease to worker in the country. The experiences contractor on steel bordering installing knows there are processs required to draw off a high degree of quality, client satisfaction and most of import safety. To do installing run swimmingly it is the best to hold experienced worker or else hold a good safety and wellness direction to steer and command the workers to follow with the safety regulations. By the manner, the major job was hapless attitude of the worker and hapless direction system. Aim and Aims The overall aim for this proposal is to look into and measure the safety aspects in steel framing building. The specific aims of this survey are as follows: 1. To analyze the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent. 2. To place the safety facet and the demand during the installing procedure steel bordering constituent at site. 3. To place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. Problem Statement The Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) is non a new attack in Malaysia. It has been introduced in Malaysia since 1966. However, the most steel bordering building accidents occur because the developer or contractor deficiency of proper planning or utilizing the insecure equipments and do non follow the correct method when installing. Apart from this, insecure site status, non utilizing the safety equipment that was provided, and hapless attitude of workers toward safety during installing procedure besides the issues that causes accident. Therefore, it indicated that there is deficiency of consideration of safety and hazard rating in IBS building. Based on the information from Social Security Organization ( SOCSO ) , Malaysia recorded a distressing addition in the Numberss of accident happening at building site. It shows that a sum of 4654 out of 73858 industrial accidents recorded in 2003 were come from the building industry. ( Mohammed Taher Alashwal, 2008 ) . But it different if used steel bordering system, the statistic from CIDB shows the accidents are 50 % from heavy lifting, 20 % installing, 10 % other factor, and other 10 % from during transit constituent to storage accidents. Scope of survey The range of this survey is focussed on safety facets on installing of Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) which specific in steel framing building. This survey is to place the safety facet during the steel bordering building at the installing phase. The information will be collected from observation, interviews, internet resources, diary and some of the paperss. .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .postImageUrl , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:visited , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:active { border:0!important; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:active , .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88e64e2dcb2cabd505d4e5be8bece2cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Imagery Of Blood In Macbeth Essay1. This survey covers Industrialised Building System specific in steel framing. 2. This survey identifies the safety demands within the installing phase of steel bordering building. 3. Information will be collected at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor country. Methodology Interview In this research proposal, interviewed is to be conducted with the contractor which are utilizing steel framing system for their undertaking or any other relevant place of staff within building site to acquire the information. 4 to 5 interview inquiry will be set which related to my research aim there are to place the safety facet and demand during the installing procedure of steel bordering constituent at site and to place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. After that, I will make an sum-up based on the information that I collect from the respondent. Face to confront interview will be conducted and several inquiries will be asked and the reply will be recorded down. Face to confront interview is chosen because it was really convenient for the respondent and interviewee to discourse and different day of the month aggregation techniques can be used for illustration open-ended inquiries and ocular AIDSs can better the apprehension of interviewee. Desktop based reappraisal To better my apprehension and experience to make future thesis, I will utilizing desktop based reappraisal as my secondary informations aggregation techniques which reading through the articles, diary documents, conference documents, books and web sites shoping related to my rubric. Through this method I can hold better apprehension on the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent before I go to the building site visit to make observation. So when I go to the site visit, I can straight travel to the point of the installing procedure and can easy understand the information given by the respondent to acquire the good thought to compose my research. Review of old research and book done by other people besides make me more familiar with the right manner to make research in this subject and besides increase the truth. Observation Besides, observation will as my one of the method to roll up informations to place the degree of safety during installing procedure at site. Besides, I besides will detect on the procedure of installing steel bordering constituent to carry through my nonsubjective. I will do assignment with the contractor which utilizing steel bordering system to hold a site visit at his building site to detect the traveling of undertaking particular in installing procedure of steel bordering system. I besides will take a mention on the ballad out programs for steel frame constituent, steel frame installing usher, and other communications which provide by contractor. The of import of survey Through this research, the contractor which particular on steel bordering building can utilize this as a usher for them to reexamine their safety demand when installing of the steel bordering constituent to cut down the rate of accident of building work in Malaysia.

International Seminar on Macroeconomics

Questions: 1. Rationale aspects of plan that is taken up by the manager of a low calorie frozen microwaveable food company in the verge of rising prices for changes in price less elasticity?2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential affect of government policies on the company?3. Need for government regulation for fairness in the low calorie, frozen microwavable food industry and supporting reasons?4. Two examples on government involvement in the market economy for supporting reference?5. The major complexity that emerges under expansion of capital projects and key actions taken up by the company to address the complexities?6. Ways company uses for creating convergence of interest between the stockholder and managers and supporting examples related to it? Answers: Introduction In this assignment, the importance of the government policies, complexities that arise from the expansion through capital projects and convergence of the stockholders and managers interests have been analyzed (Abel, Bernanke Croushore, 2011). The pricing strategy is important for the low calorie frozen microwaveable food company. The company faces a tough competition in the market, as there are many competitors in the market. The customers would be moving to that product which is cheaper. The difference that was noticed between the investors and managers is that one is interested in profit while the latter is interested in income. 1. Rationale aspects of plan that is taken up by the manager of a low calorie frozen microwaveable food company in the verge of rising prices for changes in price less elasticity An immense craze for healthy food options or low calorie food concept has gained an interest among all the individuals in the recent times. The healthier options are now available in schools and restaurants. There is increasing number of people who want to stay healthy and enjoy healthier life style. The paper will outline the plan that is taken by the manager like examining the major effects that the government has on employment and production, determination of whether the regulation by the government ensures fairness, examining of major complexities, which is under the expansion like the capital projects and convergence of managers and interest of managers and the stakeholders. The main aim of the company is to make the quoted price of the product as much as inelastic as possible. The strategy in which the prices are charged should have no impact on the way that is perceived by the consumers and the way they purchase the products (Abel, Bernanke Croushore, 2014). The demand of thi s type is only seen in circumstances in which the services and goods are indispensible and the consumers cannot sustain without the product. However, this aspect is not noticed for the food products that are microwavable. The demand for such products depends upon the price of the product, substitute, advertisement and income. The market that is suited for low calorie microwavable food items is monopolistically competitive (Blanchard, 2011). There is product differentiation followed. The different prices by the firms will lead to moving of consumers towards lower price of products. The first order condition for profit maximization is fulfilled i.e. MR=MC. As per the elasticity, that was stated in the assignments before it can be seen that the demand for the manufactured low calorie goods is not elastic in nature. To maintain the product as inelastic feasible, the firm has the attempt to segregate the products from the other products of the firms (Blanchard Johnson, 2013). The dissimilarity in the product will help the firm to sell more products. There is a vigorous product differentiation to make profit. 2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential affect of government policies on the company. Government involvement in the market economy Many people hold a belief that the regime should be able to regulate the market. There are mainly two forms of market i.e. regulated or unregulated form of market. There should be some extent of intervention or regulation regime. Thus, regulation by the government is very important (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). There are opinions that suggest denouncing government as it is waste or pointless. Apart from that, the government can perform better than that of the private sector. Handling of the externalities, provision of public goods (like the public roads, national defence), providing medium of exchange and enforcement of the contracts are the things that make the government a better performer than the private individuals. The main reason for this is that the government works for the people. A lot of discussion can be made so that a limit can be drawn for the government and the specific things that are to be there within their limits. The argument is that it is better off with no government or short sightedness that the government is in charge of all the economic activities (Frankel Pissarides, 2012). The two main reasons for the involvement of the government is the establishing of the exchange rules in the market and using that power to enforce. This would help in reducing the uncertainty of the people who are unfortunate. These people are deprived in the form of poor health, job losses and bad luck. In the market economy, there are many opportunities but there is also presence of risk. The government policies are designed in such a way that it increases the employment of the economy. It will be providing unemployment benefits like quality training to the workers so that the unemployment level improves (Giavazzi West, 2012). The company will be benefitted from the government policies through the tax reduction, the public goods like roads and defence. These features will help in providing a conducive environment for the company. 3. Need for government regulation for fairness in the low calorie,frozen microwavable food industry and supporting reasons Main aims for intervention of the government is basically for use of the public and the private goods. The individuals they cannot judge their own interest and are not able to figure out its benefit. The government must be able to fund things that serve the best for the entire society. The intervention of the government in the market is required as without this the market would be inefficient (Gottfries, 2012). There is a high possibility of monopoly and merger in the market economy as this creates an opportunity for exploitation of the customers through the substandard goods and high prices. The role of the government in this particular situation is to oversee the control and the mergers in the market so that the monopoly growth in the market is restricted (Hubbard, Garnett, Lewis O'Brien, 2012). The main aspect of the market economy is to achieve the optimal capacity in production but this is not fulfilled due to the existence of monopoly. 4. Two examples on government involvement in the market economy for supporting reference The first example in this case is the intervention of the government when there are too much negative externalities that are created by the firms like producing of smog from the manufacturing plants that causes some harmful effect. If this externality does not produce any type of harm to the producer then the action is going to continue, as there will be no risk of consequence (Hubbard O'Brien, 2013). The Chinese economy has witnessed such thick smog that it made the citizens to wear masks and reduced their outdoor goods activity. The majority of the goods were headed to the United States who environmental laws are much stricter. The other example for this case is the involvement of the government to regulate the banking structure and the natural monopolies. The United States government is enforcing the laws so the rights of the average Americans are protected from the harmful business practices (Hubbard, O'Brien Sharma, 2012). The government used these rights for prosecuting Dennis Kozloski after he looted Tyco for an amount of 600 million dollars. 5. The major complexity that emerges under expansion of capital projects and key actions taken up by the company to address the complexities Before the company thinks of expansion and mergers regarding its operation, it will have to make reasonable steps regarding the decision making of the budget. The main reason for a merger by the company is to make sure risk; cost and the benefits of the investment are analyzed (Jones, 2012). The challenge faced to raise capital to get the perfect source for it. This will cause emergence of a struggle between the shareholders and company managers. The easy way for the manager to raise the capital would be the shareholders reserves. The raising of the capital is a very difficult task that has to be undertaken. There is an evaluation of many things that is needed. The requirements are cost of capital, the ease at which the capital can be obtained and expected return that is possible from capital (Williamson, 2014). The company can think of mergers so that there is share of technology and resources, which would help in generating higher profit levels (Krugman Wells, 2013). The resources, financial commitments are strengthened and losses are minimized. The merger would be a viable option for the company rather than self-expansion through the capital projects. 6. Ways company uses for creating convergence of interest between the stockholder and managers and supporting examples related to it There are mainly three forces that together help in creating a convergence of interest of the managers and the stockholders. This would include the decision making of the managers, directors, organizational integration and financial commitment. The managers are able to control the interest over the affairs of the company (Mankiw, 2012). There is limited control of the stockholders over the managers action despite being the owner. The conflict between the two occurs when the parties seek for maximizing individual benefit. The stockholder helps in maximizing the individual profit. The stockholders are eager is maximizing profit while managers seek for high level of profits. The managers are also against mergers, as this would affect job security (Mankiw Taylor, 2012). The earnings of the managers need to be pegged so that higher profit will be raised. This would be help in guaranteeing the interest of the shareholders as this would help in increasing dividends (Rossana, 2011). Economic growth was envisioned by the private and public enterprises but the growth was slowed down as the unethical leader was who were interested in satisfying their personal needs instead satisfying the employees and the customers needs (McTaggart, Findlay Parkin, 2012). The commitment financially requires manager to have internal knowledge about the revenues and the outside finances. The stockholders will not be in a problem whether to believe in financial statement of the organization or not (Parkin, 2012). The Securities and Exchange Commission requires the organization provides continuing information on the financial position. There is a need for quarterly, half-yearly and annual basis so those shareholders are better. Conclusion There is need for a strong involvement of the government in the market economy. The advantages in this perspective are many. The government intervention will help the economy to avail the public goods that will help the economy to gain positive effects. An organization when it considers expansion through the capital project is like lose while it gains from the mergers. There are forces that help in converge of the interest of managers and the shareholders in the organization. Reference List Abel, A., Bernanke, B., Croushore, D. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abel, A., Bernanke, B., Croushore, D. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Blanchard, O. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Blanchard, O., Johnson, D. (2013).Macroeconomics. Boston (Mass.): Pearson. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., Startz, R. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Frankel, J., Pissarides, C. (2012).NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2011. Chicago, Ill.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. (2013).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A., Sharma, A. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Jones, C.Macroeconomics. Krugman, P., Wells, R. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2012).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C., Parkin, M. (2012).Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Rossana, R. (2011).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Routledge. Williamson, S. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.